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  Concrete Workability Definition : The property of fresh concrete which is indicated by the amount of useful internal work required to fully compact the concrete without bleeding or segregation in the finished product. Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength and durability as well as the cost of labor and appearance of the finished product. Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily placed and compacted homogeneously i.e without bleeding or Segregation. Unworkable concrete needs more work or effort to be compacted in place, also honeycombs and/or pockets may also be visible in finished concrete. Factors affecting workability 1.       Water content in the concrete mix 2.       Amount of cement & its Properties 3.       Aggregate Grading (Size Distribution) 4.       Nature of Aggregate Particles (Shape, Surface Texture, Po...

 Admixture Admixtures are the ingredients other than basic ingredients cement, water and aggregates that are added to concrete batch immediately before or during mixing to modify one or more of the specific properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state. It is added in small quantity either in powder form or liquid form. Combination is added when more than one property to be altered.                                                   Purpose 1. To modify fresh property Increase the workability without increasing the water cement ratio or decrease the water content at the same workability. Retard or accelerate initial setting time. Reduce or prevent the settlement or create slight expansion. Modify the rate of capacity of bleeding. 2. To Modify hardened Property To reduce the heat of evolution...

  Properties of Cement 1. Physical Properties Fineness Setting time Soundness Compressive strength  Specific gravity(Relative density) Consistency Heat of Hydration Loss of ignition Bulk Density                          2. Chemical Properties Tricalcium aluminate Tricalcium silicate Dicalcium silicate Ferrite Magnesia Sulphur trioxide Iron oxide alkalis Free lime Alumina

 Flowchart Flowchart, manufacture process of OPC cement

  Method of Irrigation There are various ways in which the irrigation of water can be applied to the fields. The main classification is as  follows: 1. Free flooding In this method, ditches are excavated in the field, and water from these ditches, flows across the field. 2.  Border flooding In this method, the land is divided into number of strips, separated by low levees called border. 3. Check  Flooding Check flooding is similar to ordinary flooding except that the water is controlled by surrounding the check area with the low and flat levees. 4. Basin Flooding It is the special type of check flooding and is adopted for the charge of tree. 5. Furrow Irrigation Method Furrow irrigation  is a type of surface  irrigation  in which trenches or “ furrows ” are dug between crop rows in a field. Farmers then flow water down the  furrows  (often using only the force of gravity), and the water seeps vertically and horizontally to refill the soil res...

Bogue's Compounds The raw materials used for the manufacture of cement consist mainly of lime, silica, alumina and Iron oxide. These oxides interact with one another in the kiln at high temperature(1450 degree centigrade) to form more four complex compounds are the major constituent of cements. These compounds are also called Bogue's Compound.

  What is Civil Engineering? Ans: Civil Engineering is a Professional Engineering that deals with Design and maintenance of physical and Naturally built Environment, including works like Roads, Bridges, Canals, and building. What is work for a civil Engineer? Ans: Civil Engineer create, improve and protect the environment in which we live. They plan, design and oversee construction and maintenance of building structure and infrastructure, such as roads, railways, airport, bridges, harbors, dams, irrigation projects, power plants, and water and sewerage  system. Define various authorities on a construction? Ans: Senior Engineer/Project Manager Site Engineer Contractor Mistri Mason/ Labour

Superelvation In order to contract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of the vehicle to overturn or skid, the outer edge of  the pavement is raised with respect to the inner edge, providing a traverse slope throughout the length of the horizontal curve.