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  Properties of Materials 1. Strength: Strength is the ability of s material to withstand various forces to which it is subjected during a test or in service. It is usually described as tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength etc. 2. Stiffness: It is that property of the material due to which a material can resist deformation. 3. Toughness or Tenacity: It is the ability of material to withstand bending or application of shear forces without fracture. It is represented as energy absorption per unit volume of the material. 4. Ductility: It is the property of the material to withstand elongation or bending. Due to this property wires are made by by drawing out through a hole. 5. Brittleness: It is the opposite of ductility. Brittle materials fail suddenly without warning when stressed beyond their strength. They can not accommodate much change in shape without rapture. 6. Hardness: It is the ability of material to resist abrasion or cutting, or scratching etc. A hard...

Sanitary sewage or Dry weather flow (DWF): The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry weather flow. It includes waste water from infiltration, commercial establishments, public spaces and industrial zones. Sources of sanitary sewage:   Waste water generated by following supply source a. Public water supply: Water supplied by the municipal authority for domestic or commercial purpose turns into waste water after some losses.   b. Private water supply  Water supplied by private authority for different public spaces like schools, colleges, commercial units etc. c. Private source  Private water sources such as well, ground water pumping, canals etc. d. Infiltration of ground water   Water accumulated in the sewer line by transmission of ground water though joints. e. Unauthorized connection  Any connections that are not considered which designing of sewer line.   Common examples are connecting s...