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Chemical  characteristics of Sewage Chemical characteristics of sewage indicate the sewage pollution extent and the type of treatment required. The basic chemical characteristics with test for determining are: a. Total solid, Suspended and Dissolved solid and  Settleble Solid: Present in small amount (0.1%), solid can be in four different forms. These solids can be  both  organic  and  inorganic  matter.  Organic  matter  consist  of  carbohydrate, fat, nitrogenous compounds etc. and inorganic matter consist of minerals and salts. Total solid is the sum of all kind of solid. The  estimation  of  suspended  solids,  both  organic  and  inorganic,  gives  a  general  picture  of  the load  on  sedimentation  and  grit  removal  system  during  sewage  treatment.  Dissolved  inorganic fraction is to be consi...

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  Properties of Materials 1. Strength: Strength is the ability of s material to withstand various forces to which it is subjected during a test or in service. It is usually described as tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength etc. 2. Stiffness: It is that property of the material due to which a material can resist deformation. 3. Toughness or Tenacity: It is the ability of material to withstand bending or application of shear forces without fracture. It is represented as energy absorption per unit volume of the material. 4. Ductility: It is the property of the material to withstand elongation or bending. Due to this property wires are made by by drawing out through a hole. 5. Brittleness: It is the opposite of ductility. Brittle materials fail suddenly without warning when stressed beyond their strength. They can not accommodate much change in shape without rapture. 6. Hardness: It is the ability of material to resist abrasion or cutting, or scratching etc. A hard...

Sanitary sewage or Dry weather flow (DWF): The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry weather flow. It includes waste water from infiltration, commercial establishments, public spaces and industrial zones. Sources of sanitary sewage:   Waste water generated by following supply source a. Public water supply: Water supplied by the municipal authority for domestic or commercial purpose turns into waste water after some losses.   b. Private water supply  Water supplied by private authority for different public spaces like schools, colleges, commercial units etc. c. Private source  Private water sources such as well, ground water pumping, canals etc. d. Infiltration of ground water   Water accumulated in the sewer line by transmission of ground water though joints. e. Unauthorized connection  Any connections that are not considered which designing of sewer line.   Common examples are connecting s...

Classification of water carriage system/sewerage systems Separate system In   this   system,   storm   water   and   sewage   are   conveyed   separately   in   two   different   sets   of conduits. Advantages 1.The   size   of   pipes   is   much   smaller   than   the   combined   system   sewers.   This   gives   the advantage   of   good   hydraulics   in   the   pipe   (the   pipe is   Designed   to   have   a   minimum velocity to prevent sedimentation of sand) 2.Separation of wastewater from storm water minimize the total quantity of sewage which has the following advantages :        a. Smaller pumping stations are needed.        b. Smaller and more efficient treatment plants are needed.        c. Overfl...