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  Properties of Materials 1. Strength: Strength is the ability of s material to withstand various forces to which it is subjected during a test or in service. It is usually described as tensile strength, compressive strength, shear strength etc. 2. Stiffness: It is that property of the material due to which a material can resist deformation. 3. Toughness or Tenacity: It is the ability of material to withstand bending or application of shear forces without fracture. It is represented as energy absorption per unit volume of the material. 4. Ductility: It is the property of the material to withstand elongation or bending. Due to this property wires are made by by drawing out through a hole. 5. Brittleness: It is the opposite of ductility. Brittle materials fail suddenly without warning when stressed beyond their strength. They can not accommodate much change in shape without rapture. 6. Hardness: It is the ability of material to resist abrasion or cutting, or scratching etc. A hard...

Sanitary sewage or Dry weather flow (DWF): The flow of sanitary sewage alone in the absence of storms in dry season is known as dry weather flow. It includes waste water from infiltration, commercial establishments, public spaces and industrial zones. Sources of sanitary sewage:   Waste water generated by following supply source a. Public water supply: Water supplied by the municipal authority for domestic or commercial purpose turns into waste water after some losses.   b. Private water supply  Water supplied by private authority for different public spaces like schools, colleges, commercial units etc. c. Private source  Private water sources such as well, ground water pumping, canals etc. d. Infiltration of ground water   Water accumulated in the sewer line by transmission of ground water though joints. e. Unauthorized connection  Any connections that are not considered which designing of sewer line.   Common examples are connecting s...

Classification of water carriage system/sewerage systems Separate system In   this   system,   storm   water   and   sewage   are   conveyed   separately   in   two   different   sets   of conduits. Advantages 1.The   size   of   pipes   is   much   smaller   than   the   combined   system   sewers.   This   gives   the advantage   of   good   hydraulics   in   the   pipe   (the   pipe is   Designed   to   have   a   minimum velocity to prevent sedimentation of sand) 2.Separation of wastewater from storm water minimize the total quantity of sewage which has the following advantages :        a. Smaller pumping stations are needed.        b. Smaller and more efficient treatment plants are needed.        c. Overfl...

  QUALITY CONTROL IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION Quality of concrete construction on site can be accomplished in three distinct stages as follow 1.      Quality control before concreting 2.      Quality control during concreting 3.      Quality control after construction STAGE-1   (QUALITY CONTROL BEFORE CONCRETING) This stage of quality control consists of two steps. 1.      Checking of specification requirements regarding excavation, forms, reinforcement and embedded fixtures etc. 2.      Control test on concrete ingredients (i.e. on cement, aggregate & water) Cement Quality of cement is ascertained by making compressive strength tests on cement cubes. However for effective control cement: §   Should be tested initially once for each source and subsequently once for every two months §   Should be protected from moisture §   Should be rete...

  Concrete Workability Definition : The property of fresh concrete which is indicated by the amount of useful internal work required to fully compact the concrete without bleeding or segregation in the finished product. Workability is one of the physical parameters of concrete which affects the strength and durability as well as the cost of labor and appearance of the finished product. Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily placed and compacted homogeneously i.e without bleeding or Segregation. Unworkable concrete needs more work or effort to be compacted in place, also honeycombs and/or pockets may also be visible in finished concrete. Factors affecting workability 1.       Water content in the concrete mix 2.       Amount of cement & its Properties 3.       Aggregate Grading (Size Distribution) 4.       Nature of Aggregate Particles (Shape, Surface Texture, Po...

 Admixture Admixtures are the ingredients other than basic ingredients cement, water and aggregates that are added to concrete batch immediately before or during mixing to modify one or more of the specific properties of concrete in fresh and hardened state. It is added in small quantity either in powder form or liquid form. Combination is added when more than one property to be altered.                                                   Purpose 1. To modify fresh property Increase the workability without increasing the water cement ratio or decrease the water content at the same workability. Retard or accelerate initial setting time. Reduce or prevent the settlement or create slight expansion. Modify the rate of capacity of bleeding. 2. To Modify hardened Property To reduce the heat of evolution...

  Properties of Cement 1. Physical Properties Fineness Setting time Soundness Compressive strength  Specific gravity(Relative density) Consistency Heat of Hydration Loss of ignition Bulk Density                          2. Chemical Properties Tricalcium aluminate Tricalcium silicate Dicalcium silicate Ferrite Magnesia Sulphur trioxide Iron oxide alkalis Free lime Alumina

 Flowchart Flowchart, manufacture process of OPC cement

  Method of Irrigation There are various ways in which the irrigation of water can be applied to the fields. The main classification is as  follows: 1. Free flooding In this method, ditches are excavated in the field, and water from these ditches, flows across the field. 2.  Border flooding In this method, the land is divided into number of strips, separated by low levees called border. 3. Check  Flooding Check flooding is similar to ordinary flooding except that the water is controlled by surrounding the check area with the low and flat levees. 4. Basin Flooding It is the special type of check flooding and is adopted for the charge of tree. 5. Furrow Irrigation Method Furrow irrigation  is a type of surface  irrigation  in which trenches or “ furrows ” are dug between crop rows in a field. Farmers then flow water down the  furrows  (often using only the force of gravity), and the water seeps vertically and horizontally to refill the soil res...

Bogue's Compounds The raw materials used for the manufacture of cement consist mainly of lime, silica, alumina and Iron oxide. These oxides interact with one another in the kiln at high temperature(1450 degree centigrade) to form more four complex compounds are the major constituent of cements. These compounds are also called Bogue's Compound.

  What is Civil Engineering? Ans: Civil Engineering is a Professional Engineering that deals with Design and maintenance of physical and Naturally built Environment, including works like Roads, Bridges, Canals, and building. What is work for a civil Engineer? Ans: Civil Engineer create, improve and protect the environment in which we live. They plan, design and oversee construction and maintenance of building structure and infrastructure, such as roads, railways, airport, bridges, harbors, dams, irrigation projects, power plants, and water and sewerage  system. Define various authorities on a construction? Ans: Senior Engineer/Project Manager Site Engineer Contractor Mistri Mason/ Labour

Superelvation In order to contract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of the vehicle to overturn or skid, the outer edge of  the pavement is raised with respect to the inner edge, providing a traverse slope throughout the length of the horizontal curve.

                Components of Building a ) Superstructure Part of structure above the ground surface is called Superstructure. b) Sub-Structure Part of the structure below the ground level is called Sub structure. It is also called foundation. A part of structure in between the ground level and floor level is known as Plinth Level.                A Simple Structure